Can point‐of‐care ultrasound predict spinal hypotension during caesarean section? A prospective observational study

Spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section is associated with maternal hypotension, secondary to alteration of sympathetic tone and hypovolemia, in up to 70% of cases. Measurement of the subaortic variation in the velocity time integral (VTI) after passive leg raising allows prediction of fluid responsiveness. Our objective, in this prospective single‐centre observational study, was to assess the ability of change in VTI after 45° passive leg raising to predict hypotension after spinal anaesthesia. Ultrasound measurements were performed just before elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia, intravenous coloading and prophylactic vasopressor treatment were standardised according to current guidelines. We studied 40 women. Hypotension occurred in 17 (45%) women. The area (95%CI) under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for the prediction of spinal hypotension was 0.8 (0.6–0.9; p = 0.0001). Seventeen women had a change in VTI with leg elevation ≤ 8%, which was predictive for not developing hypotension, and 11 had a change ≥ 21%, predictive for hypotension. The grey zone between 8% and 21%, with inconclusive values, included 12 women. We suggest that cardiac ultrasound provides characterisation of the risk of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia at elective caesarean section, and therefore may allow individualised strategies for prevention and management.     

布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞不同给药方式对瘢痕子宫剖宫产术产妇麻醉的效果分析

目的探究布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞不同给药方式对瘢痕子宫剖宫产术产妇麻醉的效果。方法选取2018年1月至2020年2月于本院行剖宫产术分娩的瘢痕子宫产妇102例,根据给药方式的不同分为对照组和观察组,各51例,两组均行布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉。对照组实施单项注射,观察组实施双向注射,比较两组手术不同时间段血流动力学指标、手术指标、新生儿娩出后的Apgar评分及麻醉不良反应发生率。结果麻醉前、麻醉后即刻、麻醉后5 min、麻醉后15 min、手术结束,两组HR、MAP、SpO;比较差异无统计学意义;观察组手术时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术中出血量、平均补液量、新生儿娩出后的Apgar评分比较差异无统计学意义;观察组不良反应发生率为3.92%,低于对照组的19.61%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论与单向注射相比,瘢痕子宫产妇实施剖宫产术分娩时行双向注射给药麻醉效果更佳,不良反应更少,手术效果更好,值得临床推广应用。     

妊娠合并糖尿病对产妇剖宫产后产褥期感染病原菌特点及耐药性的影响

目的 探讨妊娠合并糖尿病对产妇剖宫产后产褥期感染病原菌特点及耐药性的影响。方法 回顾性分析2018年5月—2021年7月贵阳市妇幼保健院79例剖宫产后产褥期感染患者的临床资料,根据妊娠期是否合并糖尿病分为研究组47例（妊娠合并糖尿病）和对照组32例（妊娠未合并糖尿病）。比较两组患者的一般资料、不同感染部位病原菌特点、产褥期感染病原菌分布情况、产褥期感染的主要革兰阳性菌（金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄糖菌）和主要革兰阴性菌（大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌）对常见抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 两组孕周、喂养方式、感染部位、年龄、产程比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）;79例剖宫产后产褥期感染患者中共分离检出94株菌株（对照组41株、研究组53株）,两组病原菌感染部位比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）;94株菌株中革兰阳性菌50株（53.19%）,革兰阴性菌32株（34.04%）,真菌12株（12.77%）,两组产褥期感染的革兰阳性菌、真菌数比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）,研究组产褥期感染的革兰阴性菌多于对照组（P <0.05）;研究组产褥期感染的革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌多于对照组（P <0.05）;两组产褥期感染的金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄青霉素、氧氟沙星、头孢拉定、环丙沙星的耐药性均>50%,研究组产褥期感染的金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢噻肟的耐药性高于对照组（P <0.05）;两组产褥期感染的大肠埃希菌对氨苄青霉素、头孢他啶、庆大霉素的耐药性均>50%,研究组产褥期感染的铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南的耐药性高于对照组（P <0.05）。结论 妊娠合并糖尿病对产妇剖宫产后产褥期感染病原菌特点及耐药性具有一定的影响,其可增加革兰阴性感染率,也可提高金黄色葡萄球菌与铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性。     

Factors impacting the accuracy of intra‐operative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer

Sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) is a standard axillary staging technique in breast cancer and intraoperative sentinel lymph node (SLN) assessment is important for decision‐making regarding additional treatment and reconstruction. This study was undertaken to investigate clinicopathologic factors impacting the accuracy of intraoperative SLN evaluation. Records of patients with clinically node‐negative, invasive breast cancer who underwent SLND with frozen section intraoperative pathologic evaluation from 2004 to 2007 were reviewed. Intraoperative SLN assessment results were compared to final pathology. Patients with positive SLNs that were initially reported as negative during intraoperative assessment were considered false negative (FN) events. Primary tumor histology, grade, receptor status, size, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), multifocality, neoadjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy, number of SLNs retrieved, and SLN metastasis size were evaluated. The study included 681 patients, of whom 262 (38%) received neoadjuvant therapy. There were 183 (27%) patients who had a positive SLN on final pathology, of whom 60 (33%) had FN events. On univariate analysis, lobular histology, favorable histology, absence of LVI and micrometastasis were associated with a higher FN rate. On multivariate analysis, favorable and lobular histology and micrometastasis were independent predictors of FN events whereas LVI and receipt of neoadjuvant therapy were not statistically significant predictors. The accuracy of intraoperative SLN evaluation for breast cancer is affected by primary tumor histology and size of the SLN metastasis. There was no significant association between neoadjuvant therapy and the FN rate by intraoperative assessment. This information may be helpful in counseling patients about their risk for a FN intraoperative SLN assessment and for planning for immediate breast reconstruction in patients undergoing mastectomy.     

Association between mode of anaesthesia and severe maternal morbidity during admission for scheduled Caesarean delivery: a nationwide population-based study in Japan, 2010–2013

Background

Although the incidence of maternal mortality during Caesarean delivery remains very low, the rate of severe maternal morbidity is increasing. Improvements in obstetric anaesthetic practice have resulted in a dramatic reduction in the risk of maternal death from general anaesthesia. Less clear is whether the risk of severe maternal morbidity differs according to mode of anaesthesia for women undergoing Caesarean delivery. We analysed the association between the mode of anaesthesia and severe maternal morbidity during Caesarean delivery using a nationally representative inpatient database.

The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section–a systematic review and meta-analysis

Neuraxial clonidine improves postoperative analgesia in the general surgical population. The efficacy and safety of neuraxial clonidine as a postoperative analgesic adjunct in the Caesarean section population still remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effect of perioperative neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia in women having Caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia. We included randomized controlled trials comparing the analgesic efficacy of the perioperative administration of neuraxial clonidine alone or in combination with a local anaesthetic and/or opioids in women having elective Caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia when compared with placebo. PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE were searched until February 2017. Eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Neuraxial clonidine reduced 24 h morphine consumption [mean difference (MD): ?7.2 mg; 95% confidence interval (CI): ?11.4, ?3.0 mg; seven studies] and prolonged time to first analgesic request (MD: 135 min; 95% CI: 102, 168 min; 16 studies) when compared with the control group. Neuraxial clonidine increased intraoperative hypotension [odds ratio (OR): 2.849; 95% CI: 1.363, 5.957], intraoperative sedation (OR: 2.355; 95% CI: 1.016, 5.459), but reduced the need for intraoperative analgesic supplementation (OR: 0.224; 95% CI: 0.076, 0.663). The effect of clonidine on intraoperative bradycardia, intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative sedation, and pruritus were inconclusive. Neuraxial clonidine did not negatively impact neonatal umbilical artery pH or Apgar scores. This review demonstrates that neuraxial clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia in women having Caesarean section with neuraxial anaesthesia, but this has to be balanced against increased maternal adverse effects.     

B-Lynch缝合术治疗8例剖宫产后出血体会

目的探讨B-Lynch缝合术治疗剖宫产后出血的效果。方法对8例剖宫产后出血患者采用B-Lynch缝合术治疗,回顾性分析患者的病历资料。结果 8例患者均经B-Lynch缝合术成功止血,无1例因血液循环不良或再出血手术或子宫切除。子宫复旧、月经复潮时间无异常。结论剖宫产后子宫收缩乏力性出血药物治疗无效时,B-Lynch缝合术操作简单易行,止血效果可靠,尤其适合在基层医院开展。     

脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗子宫切口瘢痕缺陷大鼠的疗效观察

目的:将脐带华通胶间充质干细胞(WJMSCs)移植到子宫切口瘢痕缺陷(PCSD)模型大鼠体内,探讨其治疗效果。方法:取雌性SD大鼠50只、将其随机分为3组:正常手术组(N-O组)10只、模型对照组(M-C组)20只和模型治疗组(M-T组)20只。孕第19天N-O组剖宫取胎后连续缝合子宫切口;M-C组与M-T组剖宫产术后子宫肌壁注射脂多糖(LPS)联合电凝(功率为10 W)子宫切缘,间断缝合切口。M-T组分A、B亚组(各10只),A组静脉注射0.5 m L+阴道灌注0.5 m L(1×10~9/L)WJMSCs,B组阴道灌注1 m L同浓度WJMSCs,每周1次,共3次;M-C亦分A、B亚组(各10只),与M-T组同样方法处理,仅将生理盐水替代WJMSCs。各组治疗后第1和4周,分别处死6和4只,留双侧子宫进行HE染色、Masson染色、肌动蛋白(actin)和细胞角蛋白免疫组化染色,通过体视学分析,检测子宫肌层和内膜的修复情况。结果:WJMSCs治疗后第1和4周,M-C组子宫肌层厚度和actin体积密度(Vv)均显著低于N-O组,肌层胶原纤维Vv和内膜缺陷率高于N-O组(P0.05);WJMSCs治疗后第1和4周,M-T的A和B组的肌层厚度和actin Vv均显著高于M-C组,肌层胶原纤维Vv低于M-C组;M-C组内膜缺陷率高于其它组(P0.05)。结论:WJMSCs可促进PCSD大鼠子宫肌层结构和功能的修复。静脉+局部联合治疗和单纯阴道治疗效果无明显差别。